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Mitosis: Phases, Regulation, and Clinical Significance
Mitosis: Phases, Regulation, and Clinical Significance
Mitosis is the process by which a eukaryotic cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells. It proceeds through four main phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. In prophase, chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes and the nuclear envelope breaks down. In metaphase, chromosomes align along the cell equator, attached to spindle fibres at their centromeres. In anaphase, sister chromatids are pulled apart toward opposite poles. In telophase, nuclear envelopes re-form and chromosomes decondense. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm, producing two daughter cells. Mitosis is essential for growth, tissue repair and asexual reproduction, and errors can cause aneuploidy and are associated with cancer. Cell cycle checkpoints, controlled by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases, ensure DNA is replicated correctly before division.
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